The editor's page of the January 2010 issue of
Artforum explores the aesthetic of "
the secret, that willful mode of obfuscation that operates at the very crux of the personal and the public, joining them together while, at the same time, holding them apart."
While Tim Griffin's article focuses on works by two modern Western artists, Marcel Duchamp and Lynda Benglis, his comments recall the complex phenomenon of secrecy in contemporary Aboriginal art.
The representational practice of consciously withholding knowledge from viewers is far more familiar to enthusiasts of Western Desert paintings than to audiences for Western modernism, who expect to be provided with 'full disclosure' of content through critical analysis and biographical narratives revealing the artist's influences and intentions. By contrast, Aboriginal art has often demanded that viewers accept a "black box" of undisclosed content.
Secrecy was not always the
norm in Western Desert art, a fact beautifully demonstrated in the traveling American exhibition
Icons of the Desert, which just closed in New York (the exhibition website is linked in the headline). When you scan the site's virtual exhibition, you'll note that some frames are blank. The curators conceded to the wishes of aboriginal elders in Australia, whose objections to the revelation of sacred content in early Papunya Tula paintings echoed those of senior Pitjantjatjara and Walpiri men who in 1972 and 1973 were outraged by depictions of artifacts like tjurunga - the so-called 'bull-roarers' used in rituals accessible only to initiates.
Papunya Tula artists quickly devised painterly techniques responding to the fundamental contradiction of their art, now produced for the marketplace, but painted to commemorate a culture demanding initiation prior to full revelation of its content.
Perhaps the most famous work to negotiate this minefield of secrecy and disclosure is John Warangkula Tjupurrla's 1972 masterpiece, Water Dreaming at Kalipinya, illustrated above. Its dense clouds of dots recalls Impressionist pointillism. His dotting almost - but not quite - obliterates secret iconography, allowing the viewer hazy glimpses of the sacred. Tjupurrla's masterful fusion of meticulous draftsmanship and shimmering fields is surely one reason that this painting established a record for the highest price ever paid for a contemporary Aboriginal artwork: $486,500 (Australian) at a Melbourne Sotheby's auction in 2000.
In his 1995 article "The Politics of the Secret," ethnographer Dick Kimber noted that because explanations of secrecy and disclosure in Western Desert art were devised by non-Aboriginal critics, these understandings are speculative. Notions of the function of secrecy in Aboriginal painting could "undoubtedly be refined by the surviving artists if they so desire," Kimber noted. But to date, even the exact nature of secrecy in these painting practices remains withheld from the non-initiated.
What does it mean that Aboriginal art collectors continue pursuing artworks which are purposely inscrutable, denying any fuller understanding of content, intent and aesthetic tradition? In his Artforum article, editor Tim Griffin addresses this issue in relation to contemporary works of Western art which refuse access to artists' personal (rather than collective) secrets.
"It is precisely the unstable yet persistent nature of secrecy that seems richest in artistic potential, Griffin observes. "In fact... a certain withholding of of knowledge is uniquely privileged in practice, and found capable of endowing those stories we do know of art with greater capacity for meaning."
Or, to put it differently, it would seem that metropolitan galleristas of all stripes may need to acquire the techniques of aesthetic contemplation demanded of Aboriginal art lovers for more than 35 years.