Alice Springs outlaws Todd Mall's Aboriginal Art Street Vendors

Bob Gosford, writing for the Australian news-blog Crikey, reports that the Alice Springs city council has outlawed unlicenced Aboriginal art vendors on Todd Mall, the town's pedestrian main street. As usual, the blog nails the story with one of its typically Larrikin headlines: "Council bans Aboriginal street artists: racist or just dumb?" A false binary if there ever was one, since the council's decision is both.

In a letter to the Alice Springs News, local citizen John Bermingham explained exactly why, with respect to both tourism and Australian race relations, the council's action is so, well .... stupid. Bermingham's visiting nieces, aged 8 and 11, stopped to talk to an elderly Aboriginal artist on Todd Mall and to buy a painting:

"They sat with him while he explained the painting (honey ants, waterholes, meeting places) and also had their photo taken with him. It was only a small purchase ($30) but it was a priceless experience for them.

"They paid for the painting from their own spending money.

"When they returned to school, they spoke about meeting the old man to their class, showed photos and their painting … now the youngest is studying Aboriginal history in her class. Meeting and buying art from Aboriginal artists in the mall is a unique attraction for visitors to Alice Springs and we should be promoting it, not banning it."

What may now disappear from the Alice Springs visitor experience is the opportunity to approach an Aboriginal citizen in a relaxed, unmediated setting to have a conversation about indigenous culture. It is difficult to exaggerate how unusual this experience is for a visitor, who is typically conveyed through a touristic infrastructure of hotels, car rentals, restaurants and shopping stripped of any interaction with Aboriginal people. If  a 200 dollar a day street vending license is required of artists, as planned by the city council, exposure to Aboriginal art and culture will be limited to consumer transactions within galleries and as an audience experience at staged commercial displays of indigenous culture.

There's still hope of an intervention, though. As Gosford points out, the legal definition of public space may not apply to the lawn in front of the John Flynn church where most artists set up shop. As readers of the Crikey article point out, this would be a perfect time for someone with experience in these matters to offer a little pro-bono assistance. 

Is there a lawyer in the house?

Australia's Oldest Painting?

A rock art painting at a site rediscovered two years ago in southwest Arnhem Land could be a depiction of Genyornis, an extinct megafauna species similar to the Emu, but three times as tall. The painting's detail of the bird's parrot-like beak - a characteristic feature of the Genyornis that is utterly unlike its Emu ancestor - is a key piece of the evidence. If the painting is indeed a representation of the largest bird that ever lived, it should be about 40,000 years old, when Genyornis was made extinct as Aboriginal peoples progressively cleared land by setting fires. This would make the painting Australia's oldest, as well as the world's oldest painting found outside a cave.

Other Arnhem Land rock art galleries have yielded images of a variety of extinct species, including Palorchestes, a large Tapir-like animal, and Thylacenes, the "Tasmanian Tiger." Images found last year in the Kimberly, in Western Australia, are now accepted by scientists to be depictions of Thylacoleo carnifexin, an extinct marsupial lion. 

The relatively unprotected location of the Arnhem Land painting has generated controversy regarding its date and subject matter, however. Gavin Prideaux, a paleontologist at Flinders University, believes that the image probably represents the extinct megafauna species, but Robert Bedarnik of the International Federation of Rock Art Organizations questions the existence of any painting over 10,000 years old located anywhere other than the protected environment of a cave surface. 

Archaeologist Ben Gunn, contracted by the Aboriginal Jawoyn Association to conduct research at the painting site, points out that the details of the painting demonstrate an intimate degree of knowledge incapable of being transmitted generationally by storytelling traditions, and that a few feet away from the disputed rendering are those of other extinct species, including a megafauna kangeroo, a Tasmanian tiger and a giant echidna. "Either the painting is 40,000 years old, which is when science thinks the Genyornis disappeared, or alternatively Genyornis lived a lot longer than science has been able to establish.

Either way, the discovery gives the evolving tradition of Arnhem Land painting a new depth and excitement.

Life Imitates Art: Aboriginal Australia Gets a Supermodel

Samantha Harris, whose mother was a 'stolen generation' child and whose father is German, is slated to become Aboriginal Australia's first global supermodel. 

Still a teenager (no surprise) her career is being closely managed by her agency to avoid overexposure.

After a highly publicized appearance on the catwalk in Sydney, she is moving to Manhattan (no surprise) to develop a promising transatlantic career.

Did I mention that she's rail-thin? Surprise!

US News: The (protracted) Rise of Aboriginal Art

It can only be regarded as good news when contemporary Aboriginal art makes the cover of an American art journal. A detail from Shorty Lungkarta Tjungurrayi's 1974 painting Punyurrpungkunya presides over the headline "The Rise of Aboriginal Art" on May 2010 issue of Art News. Which is good news for those of us for whom the US is a something of a desert isle when it comes to Western Desert art.

"Icons of the Desert," the 2009 traveling exhibition of early Papunya boards from the Barbara and John Wilkerson collection, was a welcome departure from our Aboriginal art drought, and it is the focus of the Art News cover story. When I saw the show at UCLA's Fowler Museum last August - in fact, the first thing I did after moving from Sydney to Berkeley last year - the Wilkerson's works (which include the legendary Water Dreaming at Kalipinypa by Johnny Warangkula Tjupurrula) was coupled with more recent canvases drawn from the extensive holdings of LA collector Richard Kelton. The Art News article establishes a context for "Icons of the Desert" by outlining the familiar Geoffrey Bardon story, the first American exhibitions of the 1980s, the skyrocketing prices of early Papunya boards in the '90s, and ends with a hat tip to Emily Kame Kngwarreye. 

What's wrong with this story? Nothing, if you know next to nothing about Indigenous Australian art. But for anyone who has been following the only art movement of international importance to ever emerge from Australia, it is a sad affirmation of America's underdeveloped appreciation of this indigenous cultural Renaissance. Contemporary, with regard to Western Desert art, seems to mean the 1970s in the US, where "The Rise of Aboriginal Art" is happening in agonizingly slow motion. 

Our aesthetic retardation feeds a vicious circle that keeps contemporary Aboriginal art out of sight, thus out of mind, and further hinders its emergence into American cultural consciousness. The Manhattan real estate career of Suzun Bennet, as recently reported in the Epoch Times, illustrates the point. Ms Bennet, a well-heeled Australian, moved to New York in 2001 to be closer to her daughter. She arrived in the Big Apple with a mission: she would devote her efforts to "establishing a footprint for Aboriginal art in the US." And what would be a better beachhead for this effort than Manhattan, a global art capital generously seeded with wealthy, cultured, acquisitive collectors? Recounting this stillborn plan, Ms. Bennet mused: "I met a lot of arts people, but I found it hard to introduce a genre that wasn't contextualized here." After four years of effort - and during the most breathtaking expansion of disposable income ever seen in Manhattan - Ms. Bennet called it quits, repatriated an extensive stockpile of art back to Australia, took the real estate licensing exam, and became an agent.

When Americans aren't able to see contemporary Aboriginal art (or more than a 1970s snapshot of it) there's little chance that gallery owners, collectors or museum curators - the forces that power our arts infrastructure - will appropriately value Western Desert art in any sense of the word.

Here's how the situation plays itself out in public cultural institutions. When I returned to the US from Australia in 2009, I landed stateside with a great idea and the gung-ho energy to shop it around. If American art museums suffered from anemic Western Desert art holdings, why not galvanize a local collectors to endow their home institutions with a selection of the best that private troves could provide? Answer: because museum curators didn't want it - any of it. An art dealer warned me that he'd had a client with a respectable collection who wanted to donate the best of it to a major West-coast modern art museum. They couldn't get the curators interested. As it turned out, none of my e-mails to local curators - friends of my art history colleagues in Sydney - produced a response either. 

Before I'm accused of being a complete pessimist, let me say that the problem isn't insurmountable, just obstinate. The best hope for a solution still resides with alliances of enlightened collectors and curators committed to bringing the dazzling artifacts of Australia's indigenous Renaissance to American eyes. The Wilkersons, helped by Australian art historian Roger Benjamin, have done the public a remarkable service with their "Icons of the Desert" show. I owe them a debt of gratitude for making possible my repeat encounters with Tjupurrula's Water Dreaming at Kalipinypa, without a doubt one of the 20th century's most mesmerizing works on canvas. See it, and you'll understand why John Wilkerson calls it his Mona Lisa, still mysterious after fifteen years of viewing at close quarters.

And the next great public/private collaboration is taking shape in Seattle, where curator Pam McClusky is preparing a trove of works collected by Margaret and Bob Levy for a 2011 show slated to travel to major venues across the US. For those of us who appreciate Western Desert visions more recent than those of the 1970's, that's good news indeed. 

Today's Aboriginal Art Rip-off

With apologies to the Spinifex Arts Project - "Spinifex Pink - Australian Aboriginal Fabric." 

"Seeing Stories" at Colorado College I.D.E.A. Space

Parallels between Outsider Art and contemporary Aboriginal art were explored in "Seeing Stories," a March 2010 exhibition at the I.D.E.A. Space gallery at Colorado College in Colorado Springs. As noted in my post on the Aboriginal landscape paintings of Billy Benn Perrurle, below, art historian Colin Rhodes maintains that Western Desert art is subsumed under the broader category of Oustider Art, in that its artists are untrained in formal traditions of Western modernism, are not explicitly concerned with contributing to its canon, and as marginalized subjects of colonial occupation were excluded from its social, economic and cultural mainstream.

"Seeing Stories" may well be the first art exhibition to cast its net so broadly across works of art usually segregated into alternate categories. Five distinct bodies of work were on display: linocut prints by the Namibian artist John Muafangejo, so-called 'ledger drawings' by Native American artists (drawn on the lined paper of turn-of-the-century ledger books), paintings by the self-taught Southern artist Mose Tolliver, panoramic fantasies by Henry Darger depicting the adventures of the "Vivian Girls," the child heroines of his unpublished and unpublishable novel (150,000 manuscript pages of it) about Christian princesses on a quest to vanquish an evil empire, and fourteen early Papunya paintings  culled from the collection of Harold Burch.

Aside from making available the kind of works often admired but rarely seen in larger galleries, what does such a shotgun-wedding of art categories offer to exhibition audiences? In short, the opportunity to shake and break preconceptions about contemporary art and its makers. 

The contemporary art establishment, from the grassroots level of art schools and small galleries to the collectors, dealers and curators who populate its stratosphere, is still largely organized into the ranks and by the rules that congealed around a modernist avant-garde over a century ago.  Works were valued for their ability to cross a threshold, envisioning the experiences of a new common era - that of modernism. 

Outsider Art is unruly in a way different from that of a modernist avant-garde. It abjures the notion of a shared Zeitgeist. It has much more in common with the notion of "contemporary art" as conceptualized by art historian Terry Smith. As the name suggests, "contemporaneity" differs from "modernity" in proposing multiple time streams that can overlap and collide, but which also maintain discrete characteristics, rather than fusing into the expression of a homogeneous modernity.

"Seeing Stories" presents fragments that force us as viewers to recompose the modern world as a mosaic of parallel worlds. Industrialization and its mass production of colored pencils and cheap ledger books is revealed as a medium allowing Native Americans to record their lives. In the work of Henry Darger, coloring books steeped in maudlin sentiment provide image templates for pseudo-historical battle scenes pitting warriors against naked children. And in the now legendary account of the origins of Western Desert painting at Papunya, a well-intentioned grade school teacher's attempt to get children to draw from their own culture proved a catalyst for an indigenous Renaissance led by Aboriginal elders.  

Tjukurpa Pulkatjara at the Adelaide Festival

Oh, to be in Adelaide in March!

In conjunction with the Adelaide Festival, the city's South Australian Museum is sponsoring Tjukurpa Pulkatjara, an exhibition featuring a who's who of contemporary aboriginal art. Jimmy Baker, Maringka Baker, Wingu Tingima, Tommy Mitchell, Tjaparti Bates, Carol Maayatja Golding, Myra Yurtiwa Cook, Harry Tjutjuna, Tiger Palpatja, Ruby Dickinson, Dickie Minyintiri... and even more, amazingly. Some of these artists will be there to discuss their work. The painting shown is Jimmy Baker's 2008 Ngintaka, Kalaya, Wanampi.

This is one of the greatest showings of the works of senior Western Desert artists to be unveiled this (or any other) year.

According to the Museum, "Tjukurpa Pulkatjara celebrates the work of artist who live and paint close to the Tjukurpa [dreaming] at community art centers. The exhibition underlines the importance of provenance and ethical acquisition of works."

And for those who like their Dreaming art performed as well as painted, the festival also presents Liru Tjukurpa, the Rainbow Serpent Story, as rendered by Carclew Youth Arts of Ernabella. The performance has a profound significance: it represents the generational continuity of indigenous art and knowledge as handed down from community elders to its youth.

Oh, to be in Adelaide in March!

From 4 through 16 March 2010, 10 AM - 5 PM

South Australian Museum

North Terrace, Adelaide SA

Outback Outsider: Billy Benn Perrurle at NG Art Gallery

The similarities between the Wandjina by Lily Karada, left, and the painting of an Ancient King by the self-taught African-American artist Richard Burnside, right, are more than merely superficial. Karada's Wandjina is a figure from the dreamtime and is ritually painted at ancient sites by Mowanjum people to ensure the cyclical arrival of monsoon rains. Burnside paints kings in a ritual allowing him to "find relief" from "night visions of ancient times." Beyond this coincidental overlapping of collective and personal dreamings, both works can be seen as "outsider art," at least as the term is defined by Colin Rhodes, a professor of art history and theory at the University of Sydney and author of Outsider Art: Spontaneous Alternatives.

"The artist outsiders," Rhodes writes, "are, by definition, fundamentally different to their audience, often thought of being dysfunctional in respect to the parameters of normality set by the dominant culture. What this means specifically is, of course, subject to changes dictated by history and geographical location." Burnside's unschooled technique, production of images to exorcise unwanted spiritual companions, and marginal status within the dominant American society qualifies him as an "outsider" artist on multiple levels. Aboriginal peoples can also be seen as outsiders, given "a post-colonial situation in which the colonizer has become 'naturalized' and speaks with the dominant cultural voice." Contemporary Aboriginal art, ranging from Western Desert works representing indigenous dreamings using non-traditional media to works "that reveal Australian history as seen from the Aboriginal perspective, from pre-European life to politically charged images of institutionalized racism," all qualify as creative artifacts of an outsider perspective, as Rhodes defines it.

The exhibit of works by Billy Benn Perrurle, To Paint Every Hill at NG Art Galley in Chippendale (Sydney), showcases the signature landscapes of the most celebrated Aboriginal outsider artist. Born in 1943 in Artetyerre (Harts Range), he labored from childhood in mica mines and later became a drover. In 1967, Perrurle shot and killed a man, and for the next two weeks evaded the police, shooting and wounding two officers. Acquitted by reason of insanity, he ended up in Alice Springs, eventually working in the sheet metal shop of the Bindi Centre, a service provider for the developmentally disabled. He began painting on discarded pieces of plastic and plywood in a corner of the shop around 1980, depicting his mother's and grandfather's country with delicate, intricate brushstrokes. These small landscapes, unschooled in technique and created out personal need rather than for financial gain, conform to the understood criteria of outsider art.

Discovered by the mainstream art market at the 2000 Desert Mob exhibition, Perrurle has since become a major figure with works acquired by the National Gallery of Australia, The Art Gallery of New South Wales and the National Gallery of Victoria. As the 2006 winner of the coveted Alice Prize, where a plaque beside his premiated work announced: "He wants to paint every hill from his country and then he will stop, then he will return home," Perrurle has well and truly arrived.

Perrurle's painting Harts Range/Alice Range in the NGA collection (above), created around 1997, depicts his birthplace from memory. Its representational language is both familiar and strange. Hills rise in oleaginous swirls toward a sky that is blue, yet ominously dark. An incongruously bright stand of trees leaps from the foreground, then dissolves into the murky distance.

As an Aboriginal landscape painting executed in non-traditional media and iconography, it poses the same intriguing questions raised by the watercolors of Albert Namatjira - and indeed, Perrurle admires Namatjira as a "great painter." As noted by Alison French in the excellent exhibition catalogue Seeing the Centre, Namatjira may have employed techniques and an iconography shared with non-Aboriginals, but his relationship to the landscape he painted remained proprietary and inaccessible. He almost never spoke of his 'Dreaming place,' but his works mapped it in ways ignored by collectors. Arnhem Land painter Galarrwuy Yunupingu maintains that "he was painting his country, the land of the Arrernte people.... No one asked him the name of the name of the country he was painting, or the Dreamings that made that country important.... The buyers did not recognize the Aboriginal law which bound him to the land that he painted." Perrurle's paintings appeal to a broader group of collectors than more "orthodox" Western Desert art, with its iconography of dotted roundels and arcane symbols. Yunupingu warns us that, in terms of fundamental meaning, Perrurle's works may be equally inscrutable; their readings as realist representation merely the product of a deluded eye and a lazy mind.

Perrurle's work changed a few years ago after he revisited the country of his birth, the site of the tumultuous events of his early life. Brushstrokes gained gestural strength, his color palette brightened, mountain profiles took on a vivid, mannerist grandeur. Perrurle's landscapes seem to have emerged from the haze of memory into an insistent, almost hallucinogenic presence. The speed at which he paints has also increased. A cynic might explain this as reality of a hungry market for his paintings making itself felt: a common trajectory in the 'post discovery' career of American outsider artists like Jimmy Lee Sudduth. But another explanation for this outpouring of landscape visions is also likely, as noted in the caption of Perrurle's Alice Prize-winning painting: "He wants to paint every hill from his country and then he will stop, then he will return home." Perrurle's iconic fragments of country may be the products of a idiosyncratic ritual still in flux, the evocative byproducts of an outsider's personal dreaming.

Today's aboriginal art rip-off

"Illustration of Aboriginal Style Background" priced by the pixel. Looks to be an emu e-dreaming.

Balgo at Red Dot Gallery

Kinti kinti, Purrka purrka - The Balgo Way - inaugurates the newly relocated Red Dot Gallery in Singapore. It features paintings ranging from subtly modulated fields of color with gentle interjections of form, like Imelda (Yukenbarri) Gugaman's Winpurpurla (left) to the chromatic electrical currents recorded on canvas by Geraldine Nowee, Elizabeth Gordon, David Mudgedell, Lady Gordon and Helicopter Tjungurrayi.

The Red Dot installation showcases a number of works of great interest in terms of the development and transformation of techniques associated with Balgo art. Kunawarritji, a work by Eubena Nampitjin (below), shows continuities with the painterly style she has developed since abandoning dotting for brushwork in the mid-90s under the encouragement of arts centre coordinator James Cowan. With this canvas, Nampitjin also moves away from the polychrome linear pattern that organizes many of her works. Gone as well is the iconographic representation of a water soak as a contrasting central spot that gathers the entire composition within its field of gravity - a principle seen in the work of many Balgo artists. Instead, Nampitjin's numinous blur of yellow and pink brushwork assumes center stage, creating a sense of effulgent, receding space. Turner comes to mind: particularly his Glaucus and Sylla, with its luminous ocean of mist.

The paintings shown by Balgo artists in Singapore represent an extravagant range of strengths and talents. Miriam Baadjo contributes two works in which protoplasmic forms seem to writhe beneath their veil of fine white dotting. Pauline Sunfly's Litjin conveys a dreaming associated with her father's country with stark, totemic force. Graham Gordon's Wilkinkarra presents a dingo dreaming through elegant monochrome arabesques. All in all, quite a show, and an auspicious housewarming for Red Dot's new digs.

Papunya Tula Artists Conquer Germany!

A traveling exhibition of works by Papunya Tula artists has just ended a successful tour of galleries in Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Berlin and Freiburg. Artkelch gallery of Freiburg organized the events, attended by over 5000 visitors. The series of shows was the first in an exhibition concept that German-Australian gallery owner Robyn Kelch calls "Pro Community." By creating an annual event that features works from a single Aboriginal art center and exhibits them a in cities across Germany, Artkelch has devised an innovative business model that supports the gallery's mission "to inform and enlighten (Europeans) about the culture and conditions of Aboriginals in Australia's recent history." This is especially important in Germany, Switzerland and Austria, where contemporary Western Desert art has begun to open eyes and minds, but still "is often categorized as indigenous folk art or handicraft," according to Kelch. In the service of both collectors and artists Artklech promotes knowledge about ethical practices of artistic production and distribution - in other words, a model enterprise.

Among the outstanding works displayed (and, for the most part, sold) during Papunya Tula's storming of Germany, the most memorable for me is one by Tjunkiya Napaltjarri (shown). A remarkable innovator, she abandoned the conventional western desert dotting technique for one in which the acrylic paint was instead pushed across the canvas in nervous, jagged strokes. When combined with bold graphics, her signature technique gave canvases a raw, almost feral edginess. The piece unveiled posthumously in Frankfurt opening is singular, integrating the linear and concentric motifs that alternated in her late work. Its harmonious composition exudes confidence and joy - and it comes as no surprise that the piece, which feels like the culminating work of her late career, sold on opening night.

Of course, the opening at Berlin's Artbar 71, co-sponsored by the Australian embassy, proved why the city got its postwar reputation as a breath of fresh air in nose-to-the-grindstone Germany. I wonder where the patron with the leather gear was headed after the opening. On the other hand, some things probably are better left unasked....

Cliff Reid Astounds

I've been smitten with the work of Cliff Reid ever since my first exposure at the 2008 Desert Mob exhibition in Alice Springs. Nicholas Rothwell, observer of Aboriginal life and art for The Australian, pronounced Reid's Desert Mob submission "perhaps the single most arresting piece in the show," and assessed exactly why:

...his work possesses the hierarchic strength of Pintupi masterpieces of the early 1970s, when the underpinnings of desert men's paintings lay close to the surface of their work.

Examine some of the early Papunya boards shown at the recent Icons of the Desert show, and Rothwell's comment seems indisputable. At the same time, Reid's visceral language of form seems to predate Western Desert painting, springing from ancient traditions of shield and shell carving.

Given the totemic potency of Reid's canvases, it may surprise admirers to discover that the artist is a devout Christian. His early childhood was spent in the bush leading a largely nomadic life. He briefly attended a mission school at Warburton, and as an adult lived with this second wife, Ruby, at Blackstone. In 2003, Reid began to paint with Papulankutja artists. Two of his sons, Thomas Reid and Carlton Isaac Reid are also painters, the former using figuration closely related to his father's representational works, the latter painting in a bold, graphic style recalling his father's geometric works.

The National Gallery of Victoria made its first accession of a canvas by Reid in 2008. Reid's most recent solo show was at Melbourne's William Mora gallery in August 2009. Check out the series collectively titled "Tingari," which can only be described as the work of a master. These compelling paintings celebrate a profound connection to a community and its homeland, a bond now attenuated by Reid's hospitalization in Alice Springs, where he is being treated for renal failure. Despite this turn of events, the artist's religious faith and love for the land are stronger than ever, as he declared in a recent interview with the Australian Broadcasting network. He has our prayers for a speedy recovery and return to his family and beloved country.

Today's aboriginal art rip-off

Thinking of making this a regular feature of this blog - so much great, depressing material out there on e-bay....

Sacred desert gift paper?

Words fail....

Mutant Message Goes Intergalactic

Even a science-fiction hater would have to admit that Avatar, James Cameron's latest box-office juggernaut, is one clever vehicle. When was the last time a film exploring the profit-driven dispossession of indigenous peoples captivated a global audience?

In interviews, Cameron clarified that the Na'vai tribe of his fictional planet, Pandora, are a composite of various indigenous people and cultures from around the globe. Although the Na'vai environment is a rainforest, their spiritual connection to country will ring familiar if you're attuned to the history of the first Australians. And the terrestrial mercenaries' war room warning of "hordes of Aboriginals" massing for attack will evoke some rather specific images.

In a New York Times op-ed piece titled "The Messiah Complex," conservative columnist David Brooks condemns Cameron's film as rehashed pablum: yet another saga about a white adventurer who, after discovering that the natives are "noble and spiritual and pure" turns into an imported Messiah, "leading them on a righteous crusade against his own rotten civilization." This, according to Brooks, is an imperialist "racial fantasy par excellence." He has a point, as anyone would know who remembers the controversy about Marlo Morgan's literally "incredible adventure story" (as described in its cover blurb), Mutant Message Down Under. First released as a non-fiction vanity publication, later as a new-age novel, Morgan's book traces her walkabout trek from an unnamed city on Australia's West coast to an unnamed city on the East coast after being kidnapped by a group of Aboriginals calling themselves the Real People. Excruciatingly written, featuring characters (including that of the American author) rendered with all of the nuance of cardboard cutouts, the book outraged first Australians with its unwittingly defamatory assertions. In learning the magical ways of her captors, for example, Morgan explains why Aboriginal cannibalism is noble, how to heal compound fractures overnight with fermented menstrual blood, and that the last people of the outback consigned themselves to extinction through the purposeful practicing of celibacy. By the end of her tale, Morgan is back in the US showing off her newly learned Aboriginal ability to become invisible at will. This really is an imperialist "racial fantasy par excellence."

As for Brooks' dismissal of Avatar, what seems to really have his knickers in a twist are Cameron's none-too-subtle references to a rapacious military-industrial complex. And here too, Cameron's points of reference range the globe. His story of indigenous peoples being displaced in a cataclysmic strip mining scheme certainly resonates with Australian experiences at sites like Nhulunbuy and the Ranger 3 mine near Jabiru, where the wholesale demolition of expropriated land is so panoramic in scale that it leaps from satellite images. The story of groups like the Martu and those now known as the Spinifex people also come to mind, rounded up from their ancestral lands and dumped into camps so to make way for a rocket range in the former case and a nuclear test site in the latter. Given these historical realities, Cameron's "imperialist fantasy' is, if anything, too saccharine in its happy ending to convey the brutality directed at terrestrial indigenous peoples even within living memory.

But Brooks is at his most obtuse when refusing even to consider why contemporary audiences would flock to what he derides as an exercise in crude, rude escapism. Avatar rehearses the plot devices of works like Robinson Crusoe, Pocahontas and Dances With Wolves because these stories resonate with us. They help us imagine a world in which commodity value is not the dominant religion, and in which individuals establish their status in society as custodians rather than consumers. And since we have wandered so very far from those values in our everyday life, our path into this alternate reality must be through the eyes of one of our own kind. What Brooks dismisses as "racial fantasy" is instead a tool for empathy. It may be hackneyed, but its what we've got, and we're better off for it.

A Visit to the Met

From the offerings on display in Manhattan's wine shops and museums, it would seem that Australia hardly exists for New Yorkers. I just returned from a long weekend in the city. Invited by friends to have dinner at their Soho loft, I dashed into a mid-town liquor store for wine and was confronted by a shelf lined with bottles of 'Yellow Tail,' a blended Aussie plonk peculiar to the US market. Perusing listings of the city's galleries, I couldn't find a single one offering anything other than a smattering of generic works of Western Desert art. And so it was with the city's museums as well. Paris, Utrecht, Milan, Amsterdam - all of them have museums or galleries boasting significant collections of Western Desert art. In America's cultural capital, at least this time around, the only game in town was the Metropolitan Museum of Art's untitled and unadvertised showing of 14 canvases belonging to unnamed private collectors. The works are on display in a museum hallway connecting the Oceanic and modern art collections through 12 June.

The Met's show, as noted in Jeremy Eccles' post in Aboriginal Art News, is part of a trend in which private collectors of contemporary Aboriginal art sponsor public exhibitions of their holdings. Last year's Icons of the Desert, a traveling exhibition of early Papunya boards and canvases owned by John and Barbara Wilkinson, showed how this practice can provide a opportunity for cultural diplomacy, scholarly symposia, the publication of a catalogue containing high-quality reproductions and critical essays, and increased public exposure to Australia's brilliant contribution to modernism.

By contrast, the Met's exercise in public-private collaboration seems more like an exercise in valorizing - in both the symbolic and monetary senses - a selection of paintings owned by an anonymous collector. This impression results, in part, from the ensemble of works on display. Unlike the Wilkersons' focused and carefully-strategized collection, the Met's exhibit showcases a grab-bag of works from 2000-2007. A single exception, Antjari Tjakamarra's work "Sons and Orphans near Kurlkurta" dates from 1984. While each of the works is adequately captioned, little attempt has been made to place these paintings in a collective context. The resulting impression is that of a "greatest-hits" anthology, a selection of highly-collectable works representing some of Australia's best known contemporary Aboriginal painters, but one that short sells the movement by neglecting to educate its audience.

Perhaps I should be grateful simply to have been able to see works by Jean Baptiste Aputimi, Patty Bedford, Lorna Fencer, Elizabeth Nyumi, Freddy Timms, Daniel Walbidi and Judy Watson in a city that is a desert with regard to Western Desert art (if you'll forgive the pun). But I can't help but compare the widespread lack of appreciation for this genre of modernism to that confronting the collectors of European avant-garde art a century ago. If we all know the names Picasso and Matisse today, it is largely through the public education efforts of collectors and curators.

Currently, the Seattle Art Museum is assembling a major exhibition of works owned by Margaret Levi and Bob Kaplan: a show that promises not only to introduce American audiences to the rich panorama of contemporary Australian indigenous art, but also to help visitors understand the context of these works within a landscape alive with ancestral presences and galvanized by political struggles for self-determination. Until then, brave those "little town blues" to enjoy the grab-bag of works on display in the cultural provinces of New York, New York.

The Summer Show: McCulloch's Aboriginal Art at Salt Contemporary

The quaint waterfront village of Queenscliff, Victoria, a Melbourne day-tripper's holiday destination, is playing host to The Summer Show, a Western Desert art exhibition at Salt Contemporary gallery. The curators are Susan McCulloch and Emily McCulloch Childs, the mother and daughter team responsible for McCulloch's Contemporary Aboriginal Art: the complete guide (now in its fourth edition): an indispensable resource for anyone interested in the rapidly changing Western Desert Art movement.

The McCulloch website notes that the team's exhibitions are "designed as a walk through our books," in that showcased works represent a variety of leading aboriginal arts centers, artistic media, and artists ranging from established masters to rising stars. The collection displayed at Salt Contemporary falls somewhat short of this goal by leaning so heavily on artists representing the Utopia region. About one-third of the paintings on display are from Utopia artists, including Gloria Petyarre, Emily and Gayla Pwerle, Barbara Weir and Freddy Purla.

The over-representation of works from Utopia is to be expected, I suppose, given the show's venue. Galleries in resort communities generally play to their predominant market: holiday tourists without much specialized knowledge, generally buying on impulse and more likely to pick up a 'pretty' piece of art than a challenging one. The larger problem with 'resort art,' at least for the consumer, is that it may have a low resale value. Let the buyer beware.

Utopia is one of the few regions of contemporary Aboriginal art production that, for a variety of historical reasons, has no system of art center advisors to manage painting practices or marketing. The downside of this situation is overproduction and lack of quality control. While the Utopia pieces at Salt Contemporary are among the best available, I wouldn't be enthusiastic about paying a gallery price for a piece with dozens of lesser variations available on e-bay. I suspect that most holiday-makers wouldn't either - if they realized the extent of the cottage industry in paintings hailing from Utopia.

The other two-thirds of the McCulloch show, however, fulfills the curators' promise to take gallery visitors on a tour through the pages of their guide to contemporary Aboriginal art. Art centers like Papunya Tula, Martumili, Warlukurlangu, Maruku, Ngurratjuta (Many Hands), Warakurna Artists and Spinifex Arts all find representative works on display.

Among the most challenging - and breath-taking - is a canvas titled Tapurltapurl (shown above) by Martumili's Janice Nixon, also known as Yuwali. As one of the Martu people removed by force from the Western Desert in the interest of Australia's cold war rocket development program, she is the co-author and primary protagonist of Cleared Out: First Contact in the Western Desert, and the focus of Bentley Dean and Martin Butler's feature-length film Contact, winner of the best documentary award at the 2009 Sydney film festival.

Another show-stopper is Urltugun, a painting by Anne Hogan of the Spinifex Arts project. Its swirling composition of sinuous lines and dots centered on a black void representing a desert water source is powerful and hypnotic. It is also wonderful to see the work of Ngurratjuta (Many Hands) art center represented in a bold composition by Emma Daniel Nungurrai entitled Body Paint. The fact that both of these edgy, challenging artworks were among the exhibition's first to sell sends an important signal to galleries, including those in resort towns: although anodyne works may move well on ebay, don't underestimate your audience.

When Imitation isn't a Form of Flattery

Here's another painful rip-off of Aboriginal design: this time to adorn a bong.

How wrong can you get?

Wentja Napaltjarri (2) at Peta Appleyard Gallery

From the catching up department: the Peta Appleyard Gallery in Alice Springs closed 2009 with an impressive exhibition of works by Wentja Napaltjarri (Two). One of the leading artists at Mount Leibig's Watiwayanu Arts center, Wentja Napaltjarri comes from a family of renowned artists. She learned to paint by working with her father, Shorty Lungkata Tjungurrayi, one of the originators of the Western Desert art movement and a founding member of Papunya Tula artists. Her sisters are also important artists in their own right: Linda Syddick, Wentja Napaltjarri (one), and the late Tjunkayia Napaltjarri. Living at Mt. Leibig, Wentja Napaltjarri paints with Watiyawanu Arts.

At her first solo show at Coo-ee Gallery in Sydney in 2005, Napaltjarri presented works in a range of techniques, ranging from geometrically arrayed clusters of concentric roundels to representational outlines of blue-tongued lizards. A few canvases explored a softer dotting technique to create broad tonal fields accented by roundels.

The subtle, soft dotting technique yielding patchwork or pulsating fields spread among a number of female artists at Mt. Leibig around 2005-06, including Ngoia Pollard (winner of the 23rd Telstra National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Art Award) and Lilly Kelly Napangardi, among others. Napaltjarri's exploration of the technique culminated in a set of paintings shown by Neil Murphy Indigenous Arts in 2006 which were composed entirely of patchwork fields.

Napaltjarri's current show at Peta Appleyard Gallery in Alice Springs showcases new work along with a few canvases of the past five years: a spectrum showing where the artist has been and is currently going. Along with her signature shifting patchwork field paintings accented by a single roundel, other explorations include a hypnotic canvas composed entirely of concentric rings. This strong showing reveals Wentja Napaljarri (Two) to be an artist to watch carefully during future Telstra award ceremonies.

Sally Gabori at Alcaston Gallery

Another opening night near-sellout exhibition, the Sally Gabori show at Melbourne's Alcaston Gallery is proof that the Mornington Island artist's trajectory continues its ascent.

Not all collectors are as enthusiastic about Gabori's pathbreaking work. I remember a gallery opening in Brisbane last year at which the conversation turned to the instant fame of Mornington Island's 85-year-old Wunderkind. "I wouldn't have one of her paintings in my collection, mate" an old-school Aboriginal art collector confided. His problem with Gabori's work was its lack of cultural continuity with any indigenous graphic art tradition. Her painting style is an ideosyncratic invention, its brilliant colors applied right out of the tube and pushed about the canvas in a bravura action painting technique that brings to mind the work of postwar abstract expressionists.

Gabori's career, outlined in an excellent overview titled The Heart of Everything, is no less unexpected. A Kaiadilt native born around 1924 on Bentnick Island in North Queensland's Carpenteria Gulf, Gabori was exiled from her homeland with the rest of her tribal peoples in the 1940s after years of drought and a devastating cyclone. Relocated to Mornington Island to live as an outsider among Lardil and Yangkaak peoples, Gabori picked up a brush for the first time in 2005 while waiting to be given weaving materials at the local Arts and Crafts Centre. After a hesitant start, she began turning out bold compositions unprecedented in Aboriginal painting. Her work found an immediate audience of enthusiasts and quickly entered important private collections (illustrated above: "My Father's Country," 2007, Finalist in the 2007 National Aboriginal and Torres Straits Islander Art Award, now in the Laverty Collection).

Inspired by Gabori's exuberant canvases, a group of familially-related Kaiadilt women artists, including Paula Paul, Netta Loogatha, May Moodoonuthi, Thelma Burke and Emily Evans, has emerged to revitalize indigenous art in Queensland. Their startling formal vocabulary, while eluding traditionalists, underscores a fundamental truth about contemporary Aboriginal art: this is a movement in the literal sense, grounded in the changing modes of expression that characterize any living culture.

New Publication: Bill Whiskey Tjapaltjarri

The eighth volume to be published in the Macmillian Mini-Art Series,

Bill Whiskey Tjapaltjarri adds the first monograph on an Aboriginal artist to a series of small books dedicated to the works of some of the best-known Australian contemporary painters, including Robert Jacks, John Olsen, Melinda Harper, Tim Storrier and Adam Cullen.

Short on text but well-illustrated, the volume includes over seventy paintings, many with images of details. Perusing the inventory of artworks, one can only marvel at the incredible productivity of a career that spanned a mere four years, cut short by his death in August 2008.

Born around 1920 near Pirupa Alka, 130 kms south of the rock monoliths of Kata Tjuta (the Olgas), Tjapaltjarri, saw whites for the first time when his parents migrated to Uluru (Mt. Ayers) in search of food. Discouraged by this first contact, the family moved back to their tribal lands. Upon his father's death, Tjapaltjarri walked to Haasts Bluff, where he met his wife Colleeen Nampitjinpa. Decades later, the Tjapaltjarri family moved to Amunturrngu (Mount Liebig), where the couple were respected Ngangkari (traditional healers). A non-smoking, non-drinking elder, Tjapaltjarri gained the monniker "Whiskey" as a corruption of "Whiskery," an apt description of his strikingly framed face.

While his wife Colleen had a long history of painting, Tjapaltjarri put paint to canvas for the first time in 2004. Within two years critics hailed him as one of Australia's most important emerging artists.

With the exception of a series of small works called "the boards project," all of Tjapaltjarri's canvases bore the same title: "Rockholes Around the Olgas." His works envisage the landscape of permanent water holes and the streaming sheets of rainy-season waters feeding them through the prism of the ancestral cockatoo dreaming of his birthplace. Said to be the only painter to have represented this particular origin myth, Tjapaltjarri deployed the familiar acrylic dotting technique to produce dense fields punctuated with the concentric roundel of rockholes, linear streams indicating water flows and paths of travel, and chromatic patches that have been interpreted as the fields of wildflowers that erupt across the desert after a rainy winter. For Western viewers, Tjapaltjarri's heroically-scaled works also suggest the cosmos and our own cultural iconography for galaxies and comets: a dizzying superimposition of impressions that looks down at a map of the land while looking up at one of the stars.

Tjapaltjarri paid homage to his late-life passion by calling himself Bill Whiskey "Mininderi" - "the Painter." With the publication of his first posthumous monograph, Macmillian has recognized his status as one of Australia's greatest contemporary artists. His work is handled by Peta Appleyard Art Gallery, Alice Springs; Japingka Indigenous Fine Art Gallery, Freemantle and Honey Ant Gallery, Sydney and Sunshine Coast.

US breakthrough: Buffalo-Rainbow Serpent Hybrid!

An interesting piece on Aboriginal art getting a toehold in Caspar, Wyoming (of all places)!

Cultural globalization, or a blueprint for postmodern genetic engineering?

These Briefs Stink

Kudos to the Australian Federal government for taking steps to bust fraudulent "aboriginal art" vendors.

Tony Antoniou, the proprietor of the brazenly-titled venture "Australian Dreamtime Creations Ltd." has been held liable for selling bogus Aboriginal artifacts, including paintings shamelessly presented as works by the invented indigenous artist "Ubanoo Brown." As you'll see from the link, even institutions that should have known better were taken in by the scam.

I saw some of these paintings being sold at a stall in Melbourne's Queen Victoria Market a few years ago. They were tawdry things, utterly mass produced in look and utterly superficial in their pretty tackiness. Picking up on my American accent, the vendor took a hard-sell approach with a big canvas, focusing on price point - wildly expensive for the crap that it was - but cheaper than the worst of what could be found in a gallery.

The fake was presented as 'the real deal' - a pitch that was good for a giggle, or so I thought at the time. In retrospect, I should have called the police.

Why take this tourist junk so seriously? Because it undermines one of the most important sources of income available to first Australians living in the central desert.

As Tim Acker notes in "The Place of Art: Livelihoods in Remote Communities," the cost of living in remote corners of Australia is extremely high. Production of art for tourists and the global urban marketplace is one of the only indigenous enterprises that is viable, lifting indigenous people out of poverty, creating a sense of empowerment and self-sufficiency, and establishing cultural continuities between the distant past and future generations. The commodification of Aboriginal culture raises complex questions, but the alternative is exclusive reliance on social welfare and the eradication of communal traditions.

Aboriginal people have created craft objects for the marketplace from the 19th century, some having little relationship to the artifacts of their daily life practices. As long as these were created by Aboriginal peoples, these objects should be considered authentic - even souvenirs can be authentic products of a new material culture rooted in novel economic systems and transactions. But when "Aboriginal" souvenirs are produced by villages in Indonesia, they become weapons of economic destruction, with indigenous outback communities as ground zero.

Keeping Secrets

The editor's page of the January 2010 issue of Artforum explores the aesthetic of "the secret, that willful mode of obfuscation that operates at the very crux of the personal and the public, joining them together while, at the same time, holding them apart."

While Tim Griffin's article focuses on works by two modern Western artists, Marcel Duchamp and Lynda Benglis, his comments recall the complex phenomenon of secrecy in contemporary Aboriginal art.

The representational practice of consciously withholding knowledge from viewers is far more familiar to enthusiasts of Western Desert paintings than to audiences for Western modernism, who expect to be provided with 'full disclosure' of content through critical analysis and biographical narratives revealing the artist's influences and intentions. By contrast, Aboriginal art has often demanded that viewers accept a "black box" of undisclosed content.

Secrecy was not always the norm in Western Desert art, a fact beautifully demonstrated in the traveling American exhibition Icons of the Desert, which just closed in New York (the exhibition website is linked in the headline). When you scan the site's virtual exhibition, you'll note that some frames are blank. The curators conceded to the wishes of aboriginal elders in Australia, whose objections to the revelation of sacred content in early Papunya Tula paintings echoed those of senior Pitjantjatjara and Walpiri men who in 1972 and 1973 were outraged by depictions of artifacts like tjurunga - the so-called 'bull-roarers' used in rituals accessible only to initiates.

Papunya Tula artists quickly devised painterly techniques responding to the fundamental contradiction of their art, now produced for the marketplace, but painted to commemorate a culture demanding initiation prior to full revelation of its content.

Perhaps the most famous work to negotiate this minefield of secrecy and disclosure is John Warangkula Tjupurrla's 1972 masterpiece, Water Dreaming at Kalipinya, illustrated above. Its dense clouds of dots recalls Impressionist pointillism. His dotting almost - but not quite - obliterates secret iconography, allowing the viewer hazy glimpses of the sacred. Tjupurrla's masterful fusion of meticulous draftsmanship and shimmering fields is surely one reason that this painting established a record for the highest price ever paid for a contemporary Aboriginal artwork: $486,500 (Australian) at a Melbourne Sotheby's auction in 2000.

In his 1995 article "The Politics of the Secret," ethnographer Dick Kimber noted that because explanations of secrecy and disclosure in Western Desert art were devised by non-Aboriginal critics, these understandings are speculative. Notions of the function of secrecy in Aboriginal painting could "undoubtedly be refined by the surviving artists if they so desire," Kimber noted. But to date, even the exact nature of secrecy in these painting practices remains withheld from the non-initiated.

What does it mean that Aboriginal art collectors continue pursuing artworks which are purposely inscrutable, denying any fuller understanding of content, intent and aesthetic tradition? In his Artforum article, editor Tim Griffin addresses this issue in relation to contemporary works of Western art which refuse access to artists' personal (rather than collective) secrets.

"It is precisely the unstable yet persistent nature of secrecy that seems richest in artistic potential, Griffin observes. "In fact... a certain withholding of of knowledge is uniquely privileged in practice, and found capable of endowing those stories we do know of art with greater capacity for meaning."

Or, to put it differently, it would seem that metropolitan galleristas of all stripes may need to acquire the techniques of aesthetic contemplation demanded of Aboriginal art lovers for more than 35 years.

More on the Matron's Aboriginal Art Exhibit

A pithy comment regarding the post below, on the Met's important legitimation of contemporary Aboriginal art.

The Matron holds her first Aboriginal art show

New York's grande dame of high culture, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, is having her first contemporary Aboriginal art exhibition - not that she's advertising it or anything.

A Sense of Place

The First Australians developed a comprehensive understanding of topography that allowed them to flourish both physically and spiritually in a landscape that Europeans typically considered 'uninhabitable.' Contemporary Aboriginal art often refers to 'country' in ways that map its spiritual content.

Despite our global mapping technology we still have much to learn from indigenous custodians of the land!

Gallery Link #0003: Red Dot Gallery, Singapore

Red Dot shows a number of nice Papunya Tula pieces at their "Stock Room Show":

Ningura rocks!

I have quite a number of Ningura's PT paintings. Really really good.

Gallery Link #0002 – Tony Bond in Adelaide

I like Tony Bond's Gallery. I bought a number of PT paintings from him.

Gallery Link #0001 – Scott Livesey's Gallery in Melbourne

That's a great start into Aboriginal Art. Scott Livesey's stockroom full of great paintings from Western Desert Artists.

OK. Here we go again!

It's time to revive this blog.